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<td class="pageTitle" nowrap="true">Capability Pattern: 项目管理</td><td width="100%">
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<td valign="top">此功能模式涵盖项目管理规程的活动和工作流程。</td>
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<td width="10" class="activeTab"><img src="./../../images/shim.gif" width="10" height="17" alt="" title=""></td><td nowrap="nowrap" class="activeTab">Description</td><td width="21"><img src="./../../images/tab_middle-a_i.gif" width="21" height="17" align="absmiddle" alt="" title=""></td><td nowrap="nowrap" class="tab"><a class="tab" id="TAB_WBS" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/project_management_FC6669AF.html_wbs.html"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Work Breakdown Structure</span></a></td><td width="1"><img src="./../../images/tab_middle-i_i.gif" width="21" height="17" align="absmiddle" alt="" title=""></td><td nowrap="nowrap" class="tab"><a class="tab" id="TAB_TBS" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/project_management_FC6669AF.html_tbs.html"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Team Allocation</span></a></td><td width="21"><img src="./../../images/tab_middle-i_i.gif" width="21" height="17" align="absmiddle" alt="" title=""></td><td nowrap="nowrap" class="tab"><a class="tab" id="TAB_WPBS" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/project_management_FC6669AF.html_wpbs.html"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Work Product Usage</span></a></td><td width="21"><img src="./../../images/tab_end-i.gif" width="21" height="17" alt="" title=""></td><td width="50%"><img src="./../../images/shim.gif" width="10" height="17" alt="" title=""></td>
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<a>NUP2.0 unit</a>
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<div class="sectionHeading">Description</div>
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    为了说明项目管理规程中涉及的工作，活动和工作产品将组织到规程的功能模式中。
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<p>
    每个活动代表一个高级别的目标，必须实现这样的目标才能执行有效的项目管理。&nbsp; 在<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/inception_iteration_292CC16E.html" guid="_o3nZoSFrEdqrX8YVzvtlIg">Capability Pattern: 先启迭代</a>的初始迭代中，项目管理规程以<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/conceive_new_project_E9B31C9F.html" guid="{76FD7B68-FC91-488D-BBF1-6FE58DBACB87}">Activity: 构思新项目</a>为起点，在此活动期间将创建并评审初始的<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_vision_2D6D6F1.html" guid="{417F089F-6636-451A-A8AB-AB4EAC7AC4F1}">Artifact: 愿景</a>、<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_business_case_56F408EB.html" guid="{9B13F235-E8E9-4CDC-9ACE-216124C8C5EC}">Artifact: 商业理由</a>和<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_risk_list_B87674CA.html" guid="{32D7C484-2FAF-4442-8DA0-6D474B91A9DD}">Artifact: 风险列表</a>工件。其目标是获取足够的资金来进行一系列的范围确定和规划工作。
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<p>
    创建初始的<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_project_plan_D89CA030.html" guid="{D77D6716-B167-4643-A4B6-6F76C7769A80}">Artifact: 软件开发计划</a>后，项目进入创建初始的<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_iteration_plan_623AFF7F.html" guid="{97269E0F-CDF3-448D-A732-DF39D099BDDD}">Artifact: 迭代计划</a>的生命周期。对于这种初始的授权，可以继续在<a href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/evaluate_project_scope_and_risk_C777352.html" guid="{BADBA2C5-144D-482B-9B63-C95DA4DBD3E5}">活动：评估项目范围和风险</a>中进行有关<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_vision_2D6D6F1.html" guid="{417F089F-6636-451A-A8AB-AB4EAC7AC4F1}">Artifact: 愿景</a>、<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_risk_list_B87674CA.html" guid="{32D7C484-2FAF-4442-8DA0-6D474B91A9DD}">Artifact: 风险列表</a>和<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_business_case_56F408EB.html" guid="{9B13F235-E8E9-4CDC-9ACE-216124C8C5EC}">Artifact: 商业理由</a>的工作。 这用作充实<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_project_plan_D89CA030.html" guid="{D77D6716-B167-4643-A4B6-6F76C7769A80}">Artifact: 软件开发计划</a>的坚实基础。 请参阅：<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/plan_the_project_DD2EE35.html" guid="{823EF41B-2BD1-464B-84DB-C7BD432636E2}">Activity: 规划项目</a>。
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<p>
    “计划项目”结束之后，对于项目的风险和可能的业务回报将会具有足够的了解，使得可以作出全面合理的决策，决定是为先启阶段的剩余部分提供资金，还是放弃项目。下一步，将对初始的迭代计划进行优化，以控制先启阶段的初始迭代的剩余部分，这通过调用<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/plan_for_next_iteration_55840038.html" guid="{8040B743-6467-4067-8C0F-E62C3DE99414}">Activity: 规划下一次迭代</a>进行（此处使用的活动与将用于规划后续迭代的活动相同，因而文中的名称有些古怪）。在“规划下一次迭代”中，<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/roles/rup_project_manager_363CE680.html" guid="{EE97A8CD-66CA-4A9B-9871-E3B94CCED528}">Role: 项目经理</a>和<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/roles/rup_software_architect_DB0BF177.html" guid="{4AC346F0-E6FC-4D2C-8410-2EDF8DDDC91D}">Role: 软件架构师</a>确定要探究、优化或实现哪些需求。在早期迭代中，重点在于发现和优化需求；在后期的迭代中，重点在于构造软件来实现这些需求。
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<p>
    此时，<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/disciplines/rup_project_management_discipline_F303DA84.html" guid="_yeA1y9nmEdmO6L4XMImrsA">Discipline: 项目管理</a>将合并到公共的执行序列中，用于所有的后续迭代。
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<p>
    迭代计划在<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/manage_iteration_2B95C965.html" guid="{D2D59931-DBA1-4624-B5E6-161DE57451D1}">Activity: 管理迭代</a>中执行，此活动结束于迭代评估和评审，以确定迭代的目标是否得到实现。如果迭代严重地脱离其目标，并且认为在后续的迭代中无法复原项目，则<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/tasks/iteration_acceptance_review_2F196C3B.html" guid="{D3706FBF-E3EA-42E7-8D2E-7C9112506703}">Task: Iteration Acceptance Review</a>可以决定终止项目。
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    或者，大约在迭代的中点，可以开展一次<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/tasks/iteration_evaluation_criteria_review_552BE363.html" guid="{4C2F0277-EA66-4C98-8351-17E32D3C9BAA}">Task: 迭代评估条件评审</a>，对迭代<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/workproducts/rup_test_plan_53712941.html" guid="{B95CA9FA-A00E-4C6C-AA16-133297812CC0}">Artifact: 测试计划</a>（在此阶段之前应已对它进行了良好的定义）进行评审。 这种可选的评审通常仅针对周期较长（6 个月或更长）的迭代开展。它使项目管理人员和其他项目干系人有机会进行期中修正。
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<p>
    与管理迭代并行的是，项目管理每日、每周、每月的例行任务在<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/monitor_control_project_B0E0B548.html" guid="{F40E3BFA-9909-4D3D-8AEB-E08E3C0DC8F0}">Activity: 监视和控制项目</a>中执行，同时要知道，期望可能需要根据前面迭代的结果重新设定。
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<p>
    当阶段最后的迭代完成时，需要开展一次主要的里程碑评审作为<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/close-out_phase_895ADD7B.html" guid="{99181197-20DC-42DB-B9C4-7B95E015AFA1}">Activity: 阶段收尾</a>的一部分。 同时需要为下一个阶段进行规划（假定项目将继续进行）。在项目结束时，需要开展一次<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/tasks/project_acceptance_review_6DB7AB7C.html" guid="{9BA5BD55-B134-4623-BAE1-542121869849}">Task: Project Acceptance Review</a>作为<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/close-out_project_59DE464B.html" guid="{2C93B7F5-3AAF-42BA-8E56-EB436BBC0410}">Activity: 项目收尾</a>的一部分。 在此时，项目将终止，除非评审确定所交付的产品不可接受，这时需要安排进一步的迭代。
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<p>
    在<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/plan_for_next_iteration_55840038.html" guid="{8040B743-6467-4067-8C0F-E62C3DE99414}">Activity: 规划下一次迭代</a>中进行详细的规划，然后进入下一次迭代。此时，还需要在“计划项目”中并行地对软件开发计划进行更改，记录所学到的新知，并更新整体的项目计划（在软件开发计划中），用于后面的迭代。
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<div class="sectionHeading">Properties</div>
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<th class="sectionTableHeading" scope="row" id="property_Event Driven" abbr="Event Driven">Event Driven</th><td class="sectionTableCell" align="left" headers="property_Event Driven"><img width="20" height="15" alt="" title="" src="./../../images/indent.gif"></td>
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<th class="sectionTableHeading" scope="row" id="property_Multiple Occurrences" abbr="Multiple Occurrences">Multiple Occurrences</th><td class="sectionTableCell" align="left" headers="property_Multiple Occurrences"><img width="20" height="15" alt="" title="" src="./../../images/indent.gif"></td>
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<th class="sectionTableHeading" scope="row" id="property_Ongoing" abbr="Ongoing">Ongoing</th><td class="sectionTableCell" align="left" headers="property_Ongoing"><img width="20" height="15" alt="" title="" src="./../../images/indent.gif"></td>
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<th class="sectionTableHeading" scope="row" id="property_Optional" abbr="Optional">Optional</th><td class="sectionTableCell" align="left" headers="property_Optional"><img width="20" height="15" alt="" title="" src="./../../images/indent.gif"></td>
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<th class="sectionTableHeading" scope="row" id="property_Planned" abbr="Planned">Planned</th><td class="sectionTableCell" align="left" headers="property_Planned"><img width="20" height="15" alt="" title="" src="./../../images/indent.gif"></td>
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<th class="sectionTableHeading" scope="row" id="property_Repeatable" abbr="Repeatable">Repeatable</th><td class="sectionTableCell" align="left" headers="property_Repeatable"><img width="20" height="15" alt="" title="" src="./../../images/indent.gif"></td>
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<div class="sectionHeading">Usage</div>
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<th class="sectionTableHeading" scope="row" id="property_Usage Notes" abbr="Usage Notes">Usage Notes</th><td class="sectionTableCell" headers="property_Usage Notes"><h4>
    决定如何执行工作流程
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<p>
    应就项目管理规程的工作流程做出以下决策：
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<ul>
    <li>
        查看此工作流程中的活动，然后决定如何执行工作流程。查看图的<a class="elementLink" href="./../../rup/guidances/termdefinitions/guard_condition_E3068D2.html" guid="_yJ5m89nmEdmO6L4XMImrsA">警戒条件（guard condition）</a>和指导信息。决定要执行哪些活动并以何顺序执行。&nbsp;
    </li>
    <li>
        决定要执行项目管理活动的哪些部分。下表显示了一些可相对独立于剩余部分而引入的部分。
    </li>
    <li>
        决定在项目生命周期内何时引入工作流程的每个部分。
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                        工作流程的部分
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                        注释
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                    迭代开发
                </td>
                <td width="75%">
                    一些客户已经具有自己的项目管理工作流程，但有兴趣引入 Neusoft Unified Process 项目管理规程中注重于迭代、风险驱动开发的部分：<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/plan_for_next_iteration_55840038.html" guid="{8040B743-6467-4067-8C0F-E62C3DE99414}">Activity: 规划下一次迭代</a>、<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/manage_iteration_2B95C965.html" guid="{D2D59931-DBA1-4624-B5E6-161DE57451D1}">Activity: 管理迭代</a>和<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/evaluate_project_scope_and_risk_C777352.html" guid="{BADBA2C5-144D-482B-9B63-C95DA4DBD3E5}">Activity: 评估项目范围和风险</a>。&nbsp;
                </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
                <td width="25%">
                    项目启动
                </td>
                <td width="75%">
                    项目管理规程的一些部分注重于项目的启动，应在项目的早期引入：<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/conceive_new_project_E9B31C9F.html" guid="{76FD7B68-FC91-488D-BBF1-6FE58DBACB87}">Activity: 构思新项目</a>、<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/evaluate_project_scope_and_risk_C777352.html" guid="{BADBA2C5-144D-482B-9B63-C95DA4DBD3E5}">Activity: 评估项目范围和风险</a>和<a class="elementLinkWithType" href="./../../rup/capabilitypatterns/plan_the_project_DD2EE35.html" guid="{823EF41B-2BD1-464B-84DB-C7BD432636E2}">Activity: 规划项目</a>。&nbsp;
                </td>
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        </tbody>
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<div class="sectionHeading">More Information</div>
<div class="sectionContent">
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<th class="sectionTableHeading" scope="row">Guidelines</th><td class="sectionTableCell">
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<li>
<a href="./../../rup/guidances/guidelines/important_decisions_in_project_management_59117D8B.html" guid="1.1488032793761973E-305">项目管理中的重要决策</a>
</li>
</ul>
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